A: Shift from Mammoth-Hunting Inland Model to Multiple Coastal Waves, with Hokkaido Focus
Evidence from White Sands footprints (21–23 ka) and Population Y signals has largely overturned the classic “mammoth pursuit” inland migration paradigm, favoring multiple waves via coastal routes.

Key factors include the challenges of maritime adaptation among Northeast Asian inland hunter-gatherers, hemispheric mirror symmetry in latitudinal environments, and recent lithic analyses showing strong similarities between pre-Clovis/American Upper Paleolithic tools and Hokkaido’s Late Upper Paleolithic assemblages (20 ka), highlighting a potential Hokkaido-origin scenario.
B: Emphasis on Northward Route along the Western Pacific (East Asian Mediterranean/EAM)
This draws attention to a northward migration along the western Pacific coast where Population Y-related DNA shows affinities. The EAM’s eastern side (e.g., Indonesia,Philippine,Japan) has abundant archaeological sites, while the western side lacks direct finds but remains plausible and inferable from the broader pattern.
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